Compare Traditional Offers to a Smart Offer
How do you really know which offer on your home is best? A traditional offer tells you what one buyer proposes. A Smart Offer helps you understand what that proposal is actually worth after price, total cost, financing, contingencies, risk, net proceeds, and competitive strength are compared before you decide.
Homeowners are often told to “compare offers,” but the phrase sounds simpler than the decision really is. One buyer offers more money. Another offers cash. Another wants closing costs paid. Another asks for an inspection. Another has stronger financing but a lower price. One offer arrives first. Another comes through an agent. A third comes directly from a buyer. A fourth appears after the seller has already begun negotiating with someone else.
Traditional real estate gives homeowners documents to review. The documents may be detailed, legally significant, and professionally prepared, but a purchase agreement is still fundamentally a buyer’s proposal. It tells you what that buyer wants to do. It does not automatically tell you which offer produces the highest net proceeds, which offer carries the least risk, whether the headline price is misleading, what the total cost is, or whether another qualified buyer could have produced a better outcome.
That is the distinction behind the Smart Offer™ concept inside the Homeselling AI® ecosystem.
Smart Offer™ = decision intelligence for the homeowner.
A Smart Offer does not need to replace the purchase agreement. It sits above the agreement as a decision layer. It organizes the variables that matter, normalizes offers that may have been written differently, compares economics side-by-side, evaluates risk, and places each offer into competitive context. That allows the homeowner to answer a much more important question than “Which number is highest?”
How do you really know?
Table of Contents
- What Makes an Offer “Smart”?
- The Real Problem with Traditional Offer Comparison
- Why the Highest Price Is Often Misunderstood
- How Competition Changes Buyer Behavior
- Traditional Offer vs. Smart Offer
- Real-World Case Scenarios
- Market Behavior and Visibility
- Commission Lawsuit and Brokerage Competition Context
- Buyer Compression vs. Sequential Selling
- Pay Per Offer® Explained
- NoDiscount® Explained
- Homeselling AI® Explained
- The Founder Story
- Key Takeaways
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Related Videos
- Supporting Internal Links
- Sources and Further Reading
What Makes an Offer “Smart”?
A Smart Offer is not merely an offer written by artificial intelligence. The word “smart” describes what happens after an offer exists and before the homeowner commits. The system should make the offer easier to understand by translating a complicated contract into a comparable decision profile.
Consider a $525,000 offer. That number looks strong on its face. But what happens if the buyer asks for $15,000 in closing-cost assistance, includes an appraisal contingency, has a small down payment, needs the seller to pay additional transaction costs, and requests a long inspection period? Now compare it with a $515,000 offer that asks for no concession, has stronger financing, a shorter inspection period, and a more reliable closing timeline. The higher purchase price is no longer obviously the better economic choice.
This is why a Smart Offer can be viewed through at least six dimensions:
What is the offer worth after concessions, credits, and likely adjustments?
What is the total transaction cost associated with accepting this offer?
What financing, appraisal, inspection, timing, and execution risks are present?
What does the homeowner reasonably expect to keep after offer-specific costs?
How does the offer rank against every other qualifying offer?
Did the market have a meaningful chance to beat it before the homeowner commits?
The last dimension is the most important. You can build the world’s best calculator and still compare only the offers that happened to arrive. A Smart Offer becomes much more meaningful when it operates inside a system designed to discover, synchronize, and compare qualified offers before the seller makes the final decision.
That is why Autonomous Home Selling is not simply automation for paperwork. The category is about autonomous offer discovery: helping the home itself become the center of buyer response, qualified offer collection, comparison, and decision support.
The Real Problem with Traditional Offer Comparison
The traditional system is often sequential. A buyer tours the home. An agent follows up. Another buyer comes later. One offer arrives on Tuesday. Another might arrive Thursday. The first buyer gets nervous. The homeowner begins negotiating. A third buyer is still arranging financing. By the time that buyer is ready, the seller may already feel committed to the first negotiation.
Nothing improper has to happen for opportunities to be missed. The process itself can create blind spots.
Traditional offer review is also relationship-dependent. Buyers may arrive through the listing agent, cooperating brokers, portals, personal relationships, signs, private conversations, investor networks, direct outreach, or social media. Every pathway can contain different information, timing, and incentives. The homeowner generally sees the offers that successfully make it through those channels. The homeowner rarely sees the opportunities that disappeared before becoming offers.
You cannot compare the offer that never arrived.
That invisible problem may matter more than the visible commission percentage or even the visible purchase price. A seller can negotiate a fee. A seller can negotiate a repair request. A seller cannot negotiate with a qualified buyer who never entered the process.
The more useful objective is therefore not just “market the home.” It is: create a process in which every meaningful qualified buyer has a clear path to submit, improve, and compare an offer before the homeowner chooses.
Homeselling AI® is designed around that idea with offers from everywhere. A link or QR code can give buyers a common path into the offer process whether they come through an agent, public marketing, private exposure, investor outreach, direct interest, or another lawful source. The relationship that introduced the buyer should not determine whether the buyer’s offer is visible.
Why the Highest Price Is Often Misunderstood
In residential real estate, “highest offer” and “best offer” are often used as if they mean the same thing. They do not.
The highest offer is usually the largest stated purchase price. The best offer is the offer that best matches the seller’s objectives after price, cost, certainty, financing, contingencies, timing, risk, and net proceeds are considered. A seller who needs certainty might rationally prefer a slightly lower offer with stronger financing. A seller with thin equity might care more about net proceeds than gross price. A seller coordinating a move may care about closing timing. Another seller may be willing to accept more uncertainty in exchange for greater upside.
| Offer Detail | Traditional View | Smart Offer View |
|---|---|---|
| Purchase price | Primary headline number | One component of total value |
| Seller concession | Separate contract term | Direct adjustment to offer economics |
| Buyer financing | Loan type / preapproval | Execution and closing-risk factor |
| Inspection | Contingency language | Potential renegotiation and cancellation exposure |
| Appraisal | Financing requirement | Potential gap between contract price and financeable value |
| Buyer-agent compensation | Negotiated transaction term | Offer-specific cost affecting seller net |
| Closing date | Calendar term | Value factor depending on seller priorities |
| Competitive position | Often inferred | Compared against other qualifying offers |
That is why the Smart Offer philosophy does not ask software to choose the winner. It asks software to expose the tradeoffs so the homeowner can make the decision with better evidence.
How Competition Changes Buyer Behavior
A property’s physical characteristics do not change when a second buyer enters the picture, but buyer behavior can change immediately. Competition introduces scarcity. Scarcity creates urgency. Urgency forces buyers to decide how much they truly value the opportunity relative to the possibility of losing it.
Some buyers increase price. Some improve earnest money. Some shorten contingencies. Some accept a less convenient closing date. Some stop participating. Every response provides information that did not exist when the buyer believed they were negotiating alone.
This is one of the most important ideas behind Guaranteed Highest Offer®. The strongest offer is not always sitting somewhere fully formed, waiting to be discovered. Competition can influence what buyers are willing to reveal.
The claim is not that every property will increase by a particular percentage or that competition always produces a higher price. Market conditions, pricing, property quality, buyer depth, financing, execution, and timing all matter. The point is that competition changes the decision environment and can reveal buyer behavior that isolated negotiation may not reveal.
If you want to discuss this consumer question with other homeowners, buyers, and industry participants, join the community discussion at The Highest Offer.
Traditional Offer vs. Smart Offer: Pros and Cons
| Approach | Advantages | Limitations |
|---|---|---|
| Traditional Offer Review | Familiar; legally established forms; professional interpretation can be available; flexible negotiation. | Offers may arrive separately; economic differences can be difficult to normalize; competitive context may be incomplete; cost and risk may be evaluated manually. |
| Smart Offer™ Review | Side-by-side comparison; clearer cost and net analysis; organized risk factors; competitive ranking; easier homeowner decision support. | Still depends on accurate input data; technology does not eliminate legal or transaction risk; homeowner judgment and professional advice may still be important. |
| Autonomous Home Selling | Combines broad offer discovery, synchronization, comparison, technology, and optional professional support. | Results depend on market demand, property fit, buyer participation, implementation, and local transaction requirements. |
That final limitation matters. “Smart” should never become a synonym for “magic.” An intelligent process still requires good information, lawful execution, qualified buyers, and a homeowner who understands the consequences of accepting a contract.
Real-World Case Scenarios
Minneapolis: Gross Price vs. Net Proceeds
A Minneapolis homeowner receives $475,000 with a $12,000 seller concession and $468,000 with no concession. If both offers were otherwise equal, the $475,000 headline can appear stronger while producing a smaller economic difference than expected. A Smart Offer makes that adjustment visible immediately and then layers in financing, inspection, timing, and other terms before ranking the offers.
Miami: Instant Cash vs. Broader Market Discovery
A Miami condo owner receives an instant cash offer and likes the certainty. The Smart Offer framework does not treat cash as bad; certainty has real value. But it asks the missing question: did the market have a chance to compete before the seller concluded that the instant offer was best? The cash proposal becomes a useful benchmark rather than an automatic finish line.
Los Angeles: A High Offer with Appraisal Exposure
A Los Angeles property attracts an aggressive financed offer above nearby comparable sales. Another buyer offers less but includes stronger appraisal-gap protection. Traditional review may celebrate the highest price first. Smart Offer analysis flags appraisal exposure, financing strength, and the economic consequences if the appraised value comes in lower than the contract price.
Seattle: Visibility Is Part of Price Discovery
A Seattle homeowner considers a private transaction because it seems convenient. Convenience can be valuable, but limited exposure creates an unanswered question about buyers who never saw the opportunity. Zillow’s 2026 transaction research found that the private/off-MLS category it studied typically sold for less than comparable public-listing transactions. That does not prove every private transaction is inferior. It demonstrates why visibility belongs in the offer-quality conversation.
Chicago: Thin Equity Makes Cost Transparency Essential
A Chicago seller owes nearly as much as the expected sale price. A $510,000 offer asks for concessions and additional compensation; a $503,000 offer asks for less. Gross price alone can be misleading. Pay Per Offer® and Smart Offer comparison make total cost and estimated net visible before the seller commits, which is especially important when equity is limited.
Boston: Timing Can Outweigh a Small Price Difference
A Boston homeowner must close near the date of another purchase. One offer is $8,000 higher but has a financing timeline that could create a housing gap. Another is lower but aligns closely with the seller’s move and carries stronger financing. A Smart Offer does not pretend there is one universal answer. It shows the seller exactly what they are trading.
Philadelphia: Inspection Risk Can Reorder the Offers
A Philadelphia seller receives three offers on an older rowhome. The highest offer preserves broad inspection rights. The second offer limits repair requests. The third is cash but meaningfully lower. Smart Offer analysis puts the inspection exposure beside price and financing so the seller can evaluate expected value instead of relying on one number.
Phoenix: One More Offer Changes the Decision Environment
A Phoenix homeowner has two offers and intends to accept one that evening. A third qualified buyer enters the process and improves the price while another existing buyer improves terms. The property itself did not change. The competition changed buyer behavior. That is buyer compression in action: qualified demand is brought into the same decision window before commitment.
Market Behavior, Visibility, and Evidence
Market visibility is not just a marketing issue; it is an offer-quality issue. Zillow reported in May 2026 that its analysis covered more than 15 million residential transactions from 2023 through 2025. Zillow estimated that sellers in same-agent dual-agency transactions lost a combined $1.49 billion over the three-year period. Zillow also reported that private/off-MLS sales in its study typically sold for 1.3% less than the public-listing comparison group, representing an estimated $1.36 billion in aggregate seller losses.
Those findings should be used carefully. They are Zillow’s analysis of defined transaction categories, not proof that every dual-agency or private transaction produces a worse result. But they support a broader structural point: reduced market visibility and concentrated buyer access can affect seller outcomes.
That is exactly why the Smart Offer concept should extend beyond the contract itself. If you compare three offers beautifully but five qualified buyers never had a path to participate, the comparison may still be incomplete.
The consumer-facing value proposition of Autonomous Home Selling is therefore: Find Every Offer for Your Home. Free. That is an offer-discovery objective, not a literal claim that every buyer in existence can be compelled to bid. The platform’s purpose is to create a common, systematic path for qualified offers from available channels to be discovered, organized, compared, and evaluated before the homeowner commits.
Commission Lawsuit and Brokerage Competition Context
The economics surrounding offers became more visible after practice changes related to the National Association of REALTORS® settlement took effect on August 17, 2024. NAR stated that offers of buyer-broker compensation would no longer be displayed on MLSs and that covered MLS participants working with buyers would need written buyer agreements before touring. NAR also emphasizes that compensation remains negotiable.
For homeowners, this reinforces an important Smart Offer principle: transaction costs can differ from one offer to another and should be examined as part of the offer, not as an isolated industry custom.
The U.S. Department of Justice has continued to emphasize competition in residential brokerage. In a December 19, 2025 statement of interest involving real-estate brokerage competition, DOJ said competition among brokerages is important to protecting consumers and that trade-association rules can be subject to antitrust scrutiny.
The correct consumer framing is not “agents are the problem.” The problem is structural opacity. When cost, offer access, buyer visibility, representation incentives, and competition are hard to see, consumers have difficulty evaluating whether the process produced the strongest result. A Smart Offer makes those variables more visible without assuming that every professional relationship is conflicted.
Buyer Compression vs. Sequential Selling
Sequential selling treats buyer interest as a series of disconnected events. Buyer A comes first, Buyer B later, Buyer C after that. The seller may begin emotionally and contractually moving toward Buyer A before Buyer C is ready to act. Every hour that passes can reduce the practical ability to create direct competition.
Buyer compression attempts to reverse that structure by organizing qualified demand into a shared decision period. The goal is not artificial pressure. The goal is synchronized market discovery.
| Sequential Selling | Buyer Compression |
|---|---|
| Offers arrive and are negotiated independently. | Qualified offers are brought into a common comparison window. |
| An early offer can anchor expectations. | Multiple offers provide comparative evidence. |
| Later buyers may miss the opportunity. | Interested buyers have a clearer chance to participate before commitment. |
| Competition may be invisible or uncertain. | Competition can be made more credible and structured. |
| Offer quality is reviewed one document at a time. | Offer quality can be normalized and compared side-by-side. |
Transparency can benefit buyers too. In traditional opaque multiple-offer situations, buyers often do not know whether they are truly competing, what the competitive range looks like, or whether improving an offer would matter. That uncertainty can make buyers hesitant and conservative. A more synchronized process can give serious buyers greater confidence that their improved offer will actually enter a meaningful competition.
Pay Per Offer® Explained
Traditional real estate tends to discuss selling cost as a percentage of the sale price. Pay Per Offer® asks a different economic question: What did the selling process cost relative to the qualified offers it actually produced?
If one method costs less but produces only one offer, while another creates broader qualified demand, more competition, and a materially stronger net result, the lower fee may not have been the lower economic cost. The reverse is also true: a higher fee is not automatically justified merely because it is traditional. The output has to matter.
That second comparison is important. Homeowners should be able to compare offers side-by-side before paying commission, see the total cost of each offer, and evaluate which one is truly best. The cost belongs inside the decision, not outside it.
Inside Homeselling AI®, qualifying offers can be reviewed with AI-assisted multi-criteria decision analysis, offer-risk evaluation, offer comparison, and Pay Per Offer® decision support without charging the homeowner merely to unlock the decision process. The applicable technology fee is connected to offer acceptance; the homeowner may also choose to work with a full-service real estate professional who provides traditional representation and handles the transaction.
NoDiscount® Explained
NoDiscount® came from an observation about how real estate is often discussed. In strong markets, successful sales are frequently attributed to skill. In slower markets, the default recommendation quickly becomes “lower the price.” But lowering price does not prove the market was fully activated. It may simply make a property easier to buy.
NoDiscount® reverses that mindset: create buyer value and demand before lowering price.
The NoDiscount® PROCESS follows seven variables in this exact order: PRICING, RESPONSE, OFFERS, CONVERSION, ESCALATION, SAFETY, SYSTEMATIZE.
PRICING defines the initial market proposition. RESPONSE measures buyer attention. OFFERS measures actual commitment. CONVERSION looks at whether attention is becoming meaningful action. ESCALATION creates the conditions for qualified buyers to improve. SAFETY protects the homeowner and transaction. SYSTEMATIZE makes the process repeatable and measurable.
This PROCESS matters because traditional offer distribution can contain errors, bias, filtering, delays, relationship constraints, and cost ambiguity. A link or QR code can provide an offers-from-everywhere path so qualified buyers can enter the same system regardless of agent or channel. That capability was also the catalyst for Pay Per Offer® because once every offer can be tracked, the cost associated with each offer can be measured.
The goal is not to promise that price never changes. The goal is to establish whether demand has been properly created before discounting becomes the answer. Whether the home is marketed FSBO, privately, publicly, or through a real estate professional, the same PROCESS can be used to ask whether the strongest available offers have actually been surfaced.
Homeselling AI® Explained
Homeselling AI® can be understood as an Autonomous Offer Platform inside the broader category of Autonomous Home Selling. The visible feature may be instant offers, but instant offers are not the core invention. The deeper mechanism is synchronization.
The platform is designed to synchronize buyers, responses, offers, demand, cost comparison, and decision criteria before the homeowner commits. A qualifying instant offer can establish a real starting option through a cash-buyer relationship, but the existence of an instant offer does not mean the market has been fully tested. The point is to place that offer beside other opportunities and allow competition and comparison to do the work.
Find Every Offer for Your Home. Free. — the consumer-facing objective.
Synchronization — the core mechanism.
Smart Offer™ / Smart Offer™ Board — the decision-intelligence layer.
Pay Per Offer® — the economic transparency layer.
NoDiscount® PROCESS — the scientific framework.
Guaranteed Highest Offer® — the resulting outcome of structured discovery, competition, comparison, and evidence.
This is also where the phrase “Your House Sells Itself” makes sense. It does not mean the homeowner is absent. It means the home becomes the center of an autonomous process: buyers discover it, interest converts into offers, offers enter a common system, buyers can compete, Smart Offers are compared, and the homeowner chooses.
How do you really know? Find Out Free At Homeselling AI.
The Founder Story
More than twenty years ago, Kosol Sek identified a problem that had little to do with whether an agent was good or bad. Homeowners were concentrating on selling the house, negotiating a commission, choosing representation, or deciding whether to sell by owner. Those decisions mattered, but they distracted from a more fundamental economic objective: find the greatest number of qualified buyers and compare the strongest offers before making a decision.
The traditional process made that harder than it appeared. Buyers entered through separate relationships. Responses came at different times. Offers could be missed, filtered, delayed, or evaluated without knowing whether the market had been fully tested. A seller could receive an acceptable offer, negotiate it successfully, and close the sale without ever discovering what a competing buyer might have done.
That insight became the nucleus of NoDiscount®. The original process focused on creating value and buyer demand before relying on price reductions. The objective was to create enough response to produce offers, convert those offers into real competition, and allow escalation to reveal stronger buyer behavior.
Guaranteed Highest Offer® evolved from that same idea. “Guaranteed” was never intended to mean that a cash buyer, institutional investor, real estate agent, or marketplace could simply declare that its offer was highest. The guarantee refers to the PROCESS: PRICING, RESPONSE, OFFERS, CONVERSION, ESCALATION, SAFETY, SYSTEMATIZE. The homeowner gains confidence from process, evidence, competition, transparency, and comparison rather than a blind promise.
Pay Per Offer® followed naturally because once offers become measurable, cost becomes measurable too. The homeowner can compare what each offer produces, what each offer costs, and what the likely net outcome is before paying commission.
Artificial intelligence and automation then created the possibility of taking what began as a manual offer-discovery methodology and turning it into a patent-pending technology platform capable of synchronizing buyers, offers, demand, visibility, cost comparison, and decision-making in real time.
The technology did not create the original insight. It made the original insight scalable.
That is the path from NoDiscount® to Guaranteed Highest Offer®, Pay Per Offer®, the Smart Offer™ Board, and Homeselling AI®. The objective remains the same: improve the homeowner’s ability to discover, compare, and understand offers before making one of the largest financial decisions of their life.
Key Takeaways
- A traditional offer tells you what one buyer proposes; a Smart Offer helps explain what that proposal actually means.
- The highest purchase price is not automatically the strongest offer.
- Total cost, concessions, financing, appraisal exposure, inspection exposure, closing timing, risk, and net proceeds can change the ranking.
- Offer comparison is incomplete if qualified buyers never had a path to participate.
- Competition can change buyer behavior by creating urgency, scarcity, and evidence of competing demand.
- Buyer compression synchronizes qualified buyers before the homeowner commits.
- Pay Per Offer® connects transaction cost to the individual offers produced.
- NoDiscount® means creating buyer value and demand before defaulting to price reduction.
- Autonomous Home Selling combines seller control, technology, synchronized competition, and optional professional representation.
- Guaranteed Highest Offer® is positioned as an evidence-based result of the NoDiscount® PROCESS, not as a claim from one buyer or one intermediary.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is a traditional real estate offer?
A traditional offer is a buyer’s contractual proposal to purchase a property under stated terms. It normally includes purchase price, financing, contingencies, closing date, earnest money, and other negotiated provisions.
What is a Smart Offer™?
A Smart Offer is a decision layer that analyzes an offer beyond the headline purchase price. It can organize price, concessions, costs, financing, contingencies, timing, risk, estimated net proceeds, and competitive position so the homeowner can compare offers more intelligently.
Does a Smart Offer replace a purchase agreement?
No. The purchase agreement remains the legal transaction document. Smart Offer analysis helps interpret and compare the economic and practical implications of that agreement.
Does AI decide which offer I should accept?
No. AI can organize factors, identify differences, estimate risk, and support multi-criteria comparison, but the homeowner remains the decision-maker.
Why is the highest offer not always the best offer?
Because seller concessions, compensation, financing, inspection rights, appraisal exposure, closing delays, and other terms can reduce the value or certainty of an offer. A lower price can sometimes create a higher net or safer outcome.
What is buyer compression?
Buyer compression is the synchronization of qualified buyer interest into a common decision window so competing buyers can participate before the homeowner commits to one offer.
What does Pay Per Offer® mean?
Pay Per Offer® evaluates the economics of the selling process by connecting costs to the offers produced. It helps homeowners compare the total cost and estimated net of each offer before paying commission or accepting the transaction.
Can I still use a real estate agent?
Yes. Autonomous Home Selling is intended to combine homeowner control and technology with optional professional representation. A homeowner can choose full-service real estate assistance when desired.
Is an instant cash offer a Smart Offer?
It can be analyzed as one Smart Offer, but “instant” does not automatically mean “highest” or “best.” The important question is how that offer compares with other qualified opportunities after cost, risk, terms, and competition are considered.
How do you really know which offer is best?
You gain greater confidence by discovering more qualified opportunities, synchronizing competition, comparing total cost and risk, and reviewing side-by-side evidence before accepting. Find Out Free At Homeselling AI.
Related Videos
These videos provide useful third-party context on how sellers traditionally evaluate multiple offers and why terms beyond purchase price matter.
Sellers Guide: Handling Multiple Offers in Real Estate to get Highest & Best — WIRE Associates.
Choosing the Best Offer on Your House: Expert Tips and Tricks — US Realty Training.
Three Supporting Articles
- How Do You Really Know You Received the Highest and Best Offer?
- Traditional Offer vs. Smart Offer™: What Homeowners Are Really Comparing
- How Pay Per Offer® Makes Smart Offer Comparison More Transparent
Sources and Further Reading
- Zillow, “Selling with one agent on both sides cost home sellers $1.49 billion over three years,” May 14, 2026.
- National Association of REALTORS®, real estate practice changes implemented August 17, 2024.
- National Association of REALTORS®, Written Buyer Agreements 101.
- U.S. Department of Justice, Statement of Interest Supporting Competition Among Real Estate Brokerages, Dec. 19, 2025.
- Guaranteed Highest Offer®, “How Do You Really Know?”
- Guaranteed Highest Offer®, founder story / The Author.
Disclaimer
For speed and efficiency AI is used for content enhancement. Your result may vary by location and execution. Information is reliable but not guaranteed. Get connected with a Homeselling AI licensed professional for updated data and statistics.
Compare More Than Price
A traditional offer gives you a proposal. A Smart Offer helps you understand the proposal. Autonomous Home Selling goes one step further by helping organize buyer discovery, synchronize competition, compare qualifying offers, evaluate total cost and risk, and give the homeowner evidence before a final decision is made.
How do you really know? Find Out Free At Homeselling AI.
Homeselling AI® makes buying and selling super easy. Your House Sells Itself. You choose your guaranteed highest offer.
Join the community discussion at The Highest Offer and compare how other consumers think about price, competition, transparency, and offer quality.
Final Thought
How do you really know? Find Out Free At Homeselling AI.
With traditional, sequential and manual home selling process anybody can claim to have the highest offer. Only Homeselling AI proves your Guaranteed Highest Offer with a scientific process.

